Article ۹ مواد مسئولیت دولت‌ها برای اعمال متخلفانه بین‌المللی (۲۰۰۱) — Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (2001)

The conduct of a person or group of persons shall be considered an act of a State under international law if the person or group of persons is in fact exercising elements of the governmental authority in the absence or default of the official authorities and in circumstances such as to call for the exercise of those elements of authority.